In contrast, the animal rights position, championed by philosophers like Tom Regan and Gary Francione, is a deontological (duty-based) approach. Rights advocates argue that sentient animals possess inherent value, or what Regan calls “inherent worth,” independent of their utility to others. Because they are “subjects-of-a-life” with beliefs, desires, memory, and a future, they possess basic moral rights, most fundamentally the right not to be treated as property or a resource for human beings.
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As Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism, wrote in 1789 while contemplating animal treatment: "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?" In contrast, the animal rights position, championed by
Medical and cosmetic testing remains a polarizing issue. While many scientists argue that animal models are necessary for life-saving breakthroughs, rights advocates push for the adoption of "New Approach Methodologies" (NAMs), such as organ-on-a-chip technology and computer modeling. Wildlife and Habitat Loss Animal welfare is essential for several reasons: As
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